In reference to criterion validity, variables that one would expect to be correlated with the measure. The extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct.
Skip to content Chapter 5: Psychological Measurement. Define reliability, including the different types and how they are assessed. Define validity, including the different types and how they are assessed. Describe the kinds of evidence that would be relevant to assessing the reliability and validity of a particular measure.
Psychological researchers do not simply assume that their measures work. Instead, they conduct research to show that they work. If they cannot show that they work, they stop using them. There are two distinct criteria by which researchers evaluate their measures: reliability and validity.
Reliability is consistency across time test-retest reliability , across items internal consistency , and across researchers interrater reliability. Validity is the extent to which the scores actually represent the variable they are intended to. Validity is a judgment based on various types of evidence. The reliability and validity of a measure is not established by any single study but by the pattern of results across multiple studies.
The assessment of reliability and validity is an ongoing process. Then assess its internal consistency by making a scatterplot to show the split-half correlation even- vs. Discussion: Think back to the last college exam you took and think of the exam as a psychological measure.
What construct do you think it was intended to measure? Comment on its face and content validity. What data could you collect to assess its reliability and criterion validity? Cacioppo, J. The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 , — Hoyle Eds. The consistency of a measure. The consistency of a measure on the same group of people at different times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Carmines, E. Reliability and validity assessment. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
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A detailed critique of the Time article: Cyberporn. Huitt, William G. Internal and External Validity. Jones, J. Reliability and validity of training instruments. Organizational Universe Systems. Cultural Anthropology Methods Journal. Kirk, J. Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Krakower, J. An assessment of validity and reliability of the institutinal perfarmance survey. Boulder, CO: National center for higher education management systems. Lauer, J. Composition Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Meeks, B. Muckraker: How Time failed. Merriam, S. What can you tell from an N of 1? Journal of Lifelong Learning v4 , Even if a test is reliable, it may not accurately reflect the real situation. Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it is even more important. To obtain useful results, the methods you use to collect your data must be valid: the research must be measuring what it claims to measure.
This ensures that your discussion of the data and the conclusions you draw are also valid. Reliability can be estimated by comparing different versions of the same measurement. Validity is harder to assess, but it can be estimated by comparing the results to other relevant data or theory. Methods of estimating reliability and validity are usually split up into different types.
The validity of a measurement can be estimated based on three main types of evidence. Each type can be evaluated through expert judgement or statistical methods.
To assess the validity of a cause-and-effect relationship, you also need to consider internal validity the design of the experiment and external validity the generalizability of the results. Scribbr editors not only correct grammar and spelling mistakes, but also strengthen your writing by making sure your paper is free of vague language, redundant words and awkward phrasing.
See editing example. The reliability and validity of your results depends on creating a strong research design , choosing appropriate methods and samples, and conducting the research carefully and consistently.
Validity should be considered in the very earliest stages of your research, when you decide how you will collect your data. Ensure that your method and measurement technique are high quality and targeted to measure exactly what you want to know. They should be thoroughly researched and based on existing knowledge.
For example, to collect data on a personality trait, you could use a standardized questionnaire that is considered reliable and valid. If you develop your own questionnaire, it should be based on established theory or findings of previous studies, and the questions should be carefully and precisely worded. To produce valid generalizable results, clearly define the population you are researching e. Ensure that you have enough participants and that they are representative of the population.
Reliability should be considered throughout the data collection process. Plan your method carefully to make sure you carry out the same steps in the same way for each measurement. This is especially important if multiple researchers are involved. For example, if you are conducting interviews or observations, clearly define how specific behaviours or responses will be counted, and make sure questions are phrased the same way each time.
When you collect your data, keep the circumstances as consistent as possible to reduce the influence of external factors that might create variation in the results. Validity generally refers to how accurately a conclusion, measurement, or concept corresponds to what is being tested. Validity is defined as the extent to which an assessment accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
Validity refers to the degree to which a test score can be interpreted and used for its intended purpose. Of great importance is that the test items or rubrics match the learning outcomes that the test is measuring and that the instruction given matches the outcomes and what is assessed. Validity refers to the accuracy of an assessment — whether or not it measures what it is supposed to measure. Even if a test is reliable, it may not provide a valid measure.
Validity refers to the state in which the researcher or the investigator can get assurance that the inferences drawn from the data are error free or accurate. Internal Validity refers to those factors that are the reason for affecting the dependent variable.
For a questionnaire to be regarded as acceptable, it must possess two very important qualities which are reliability and validity. The former measures the consistency of the questionnaire while the latter measures the degree to which the results from the questionnaire agrees with the real world.
Content validity is an important research methodology term that refers to how well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended. Once the development or translation stage is completed, it is important to conduct a pilot test to ensure that the items can be understood and correctly interpreted by the intended respondents.
The validation stage is crucial to ensure that the questionnaire is psychometrically sound. Test-retest Examples of appropriate tests include questionnaires and psychometric tests. It measures the stability of a test over time.
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