Multiple myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in which abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow and occasionally in other parts of the body. People often have bone pain Macroglobulinemia Macroglobulinemia Macroglobulinemia is a plasma cell cancer in which a single clone of plasma cells produces excessive amounts of a certain type of large antibody IgM called macroglobulins. Although many people Heavy chain diseases Heavy Chain Diseases Heavy chain diseases are plasma cell cancers in which a clone of plasma cells produces a large quantity of pieces of abnormal antibodies called heavy chains.
See also Overview of Plasma Cell Merck and Co. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Manual was first published in as a service to the community. Nat Rev Immunol. Plasma cells induce apoptosis of pre-B cells by interacting with bone marrow stromal cells.
Do long-lived plasma cells maintain a healthy microbiota in the gut? Secretory IgA in the coordination of establishment and maintenance of the microbiota. Nat Commun.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Chronic intestinal inflammation: inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated colon cancer. Mature IgM-expressing plasma cells sense antigen and develop competence for cytokine production upon antigenic challenge.
Kallies A, Nutt SL. Terminal differentiation of lymphocytes depends on Blimp Multifunctional role of the transcription factor Blimp-1 in coordinating plasma cell differentiation.
Plasma cell toll-like receptor TLR expression differs from that of B cells, and plasma cell TLR triggering enhances immunoglobulin production. Characterization of the Toll-like receptor expression profile in human multiple myeloma cells.
Toll-like receptors mediate proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma cells. Toll-Like receptor 4 activation promotes multiple myeloma cell growth and survival via suppression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress factor chop. Sci Rep. Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection. Long-lived plasma cells are generated in mucosal immune responses and contribute to the bone marrow plasma cell pool in mice.
Mucosal Immunol. Bone marrow is a major site of long-term antibody production after acute viral infection. J Virol. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Antigen-selected, immunoglobulin-secreting cells persist in human spleen and bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cell aging: mechanism and consequence. Exp Gerontol. Age-related defects in B lymphopoiesis underlie the myeloid dominance of adult leukemia. Human bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells are increased in frequency and myeloid-biased with age.
Functionally distinct hematopoietic stem cells modulate hematopoietic lineage potential during aging by a mechanism of clonal expansion. Hematopoietic stem cell subtypes expand differentially during development and display distinct lymphopoietic programs.
Cell Stem Cell. Lymphoid-biased hematopoietic stem cells are maintained with age and efficiently generate lymphoid progeny. Stem Cell Rep. McElhaney JE. The unmet need in the elderly: designing new influenza vaccines for older adults.
B cells and aging: molecules and mechanisms. LAG-3 inhibitory receptor expression identifies immunosuppressive natural regulatory plasma cells. Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells. Bi-specific and tri-specific antibodies- the next big thing in solid tumor therapeutics. Mol Med. Pietras EM. Inflammation: a key regulator of hematopoietic stem cell fate in health and disease.
CD mediates selection of mature plasma cells by regulating their survival. Age-associated distribution of normal B-cell and plasma cell subsets in peripheral blood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Metabolic and transcriptional modules independently diversify plasma cell lifespan and function. Cell Rep. Transcriptional profiling of mouse B cell terminal differentiation defines a signature for antibody-secreting plasma cells.
Keywords: plasmablasts, plasma cells, inflammation, hematopoiesis, Toll-like receptor, immunoglobulin. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Pioli, peter. Introduction Trademarks of the adaptive immune system include the ability to respond to diverse sets of antigenic stimuli and the long-term durability of this response.
Edited by: Deborah K. When free light chains are found in the urine, they are also called Bence-Jones proteins. Bones are the structures that make up most of the skeleton. Bone is either hard and dense called compact bone or arranged like a honeycomb called spongy bone. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy substance in the centre of a bone where blood cells are made. In adults, the bone marrow that makes most blood cells called active bone marrow is found in the pelvic and shoulder bones, spine vertebrae , ribs, breastbone sternum and skull.
Plasmacytomas usually develop in these areas where bone marrow is active. There are 2 main types of bone cells that work together to break down old or damaged bone and build new bone. Osteoclasts break down and remodel bone as bones grow or if there is stress on the skeleton. Osteoclasts also help to control blood calcium levels as they release calcium into the blood as bone is broken down.
When osteoclasts work faster than osteoblasts, bone becomes weak. When osteoblasts work faster than osteoclasts, bone gets bigger and stronger. In multiple myeloma, myeloma cells stop osteoblasts from making new bone. Myeloma cells also make osteoclasts work harder to break down bone, so bone gets weaker. Osteoclasts also make chemicals called cytokines that stimulate myeloma cells to grow and divide. The combination of myeloma cells collecting in the bone marrow and osteoclasts breaking down bone causes it to become weak and thin.
Areas of bone weakness can be seen on an x-ray as thin, dark lines called fractures or dark circular spots called osteolytic lesions. Osteolytic lesions may mean that there is a plasmacytoma or other disease of the bone. Weakened bone may break under normal stresses like walking, lifting and coughing. Thinning of the bone can also lead to osteoporosis. Questions to Ask about Advanced Cancer. Managing Cancer Care. Finding Health Care Services. Advance Directives. Using Trusted Resources.
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