It is the most visible of the calf muscles. The soleus lies underneath. These three muscles attach to the Achilles tendon, and they all aid with plantarflexion. The deep posterior compartment lies deep within the back of the lower leg. It includes the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucus longus. The tibialis posterior pulls the foot inward, the flexor digitorum longus flexes the toes the and flexor hallucus longus flexes the big toe.
All three aid in plantarflexion. Dealing with joint pain can cause major disruptions to your day. Sign up and learn how to better take care of your body. Click below and just hit send! Incidence of patients with lower extremity injuries presenting to US emergency departments by anatomic region, disease category, and age. Clin Orthop Relat Res.
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The lower leg is one of these regions, making up the portion between the knee and the ankle. The lower leg anchors to both the knee and ankle and works together with these regions to function.
The lower leg plays a few key roles in basic functioning of the leg. It is involved in such functions as:. There are two major bones in the lower leg: the tibia and fibula.
The tibia , or shinbone, is the main weight-bearing bone in the lower leg. It is on the medial side of either leg, meaning it is closer to the midline of the body. The upper head of the tibia connects to the femur and patella to create the knee. The base of the tibia connects with the tarsals of the foot to form the inner part of the ankle. The fibula is the smaller, thinner bone of the lower leg. It is on the lateral side of either leg, meaning it is away from the middle of the body on each side.
The head of the fibula attaches to the head of the tibia and does not make up part of the knee joint. The base of the fibula forms part of the outer ankle. At the base, the fibula attaches to the tibia, one of the ankle bones called the talus, and the calcaneus, also known as the heel bone. There are a few different muscles in the lower leg that work to move the feet and ankles, including :.
The gastrocnemius muscle is one of the main muscles of the lower leg. It gives the calf of the leg its rounded, bulging appearance. The gastrocnemius is on the posterior, or back, side of the leg. It attaches to the femur and the patella above the tibia, in the top of the area. It also attaches to the Achilles tendon on the lower part of the leg, at the heel.
Engaging the gastrocnemius pulls the heel up while extending the foot. It plays a fundamental role in walking and posture. The soleus muscle is a flatter muscle lying just beneath the gastrocnemius.
It begins at the upper portions of both the tibia and fibula and attaches to the heel at the Achilles tendon along with the gastrocnemius.
It articulates with the talus superiorly and anteriorly with the cuboid of the distal group. Posteriorly the calcaneal tuberosity is the attachment point for the Achilles tendon. The intermediate group contains only the navicular bone, which articulates with all of the tarsals—with the exception of the calcaneus. The navicular bone plays a key role in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. There are four distal tarsals: the lateral cuboid and the three cuneiforms, located medially.
The distal tarsals articulate with the metatarsals and also maintain the transverse arch of the foot.
The foot contains five metatarsals that are numbered I—V, moving medial to lateral, big toe to little toe. Each metatarsal consists of a head, shaft, and base. The proximal base articulates with the cuboid bones, and distally with the proximal phalanges, and each metatarsal also articulates laterally with adjacent metatarsals. The interossei of the foot originate from the shafts of the metatarsals. The digits are named in a similar fashion to the metatarsals, medial to lateral from the big toe.
With the exception of the big toe, each digit contains a proximal, intermediate, and distal phalange; the big toe lacks an intermediate phalange. The length of the phalanges decreases distally. The arches of the foot are formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones; they dissipate impact forces and store energy for the subsequent step. The arches of the foot are formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones. Strengthened by ligaments and tendons, the elastic properties of arches allow the foot to act as a spring, dissipating impact forces and storing energy to be transfered into the subsequent step improving locomotion.
The two longitudinal arches and a transverse arch are maintained by the interlocking shapes of the foot bones, strong ligaments, and pulling muscles during activity. The slight mobility of these arches when weight is applied to and removed from the foot makes walking and running more economical in terms of energy. Excessive strain on the tendons and ligaments of the feet can result in fallen arches or flat feet. The longitudinal arch of the foot can be broken down into several smaller arches.
The main arches are the antero-posterior arches, which may, for descriptive purposes, be regarded as divisible into two types—a medial and a lateral. As can be examined in a footprint, the medial longitudinal arch curves above the ground. It is made by the calcaneus, the talus, the navicular, the three cuneiforms, and the first, second, and third metatarsals. Its summit is at the superior articular surface of the talus. Its two extremities or piers, on which it rests in standing, are the tuberosity on the plantar surface of the calcaneus posteriorly, and the heads of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones anteriorly.
The chief characteristic of this arch is its elasticity, due to its height and to the number of small joints between its component parts. Its weakest part i. The ligament is strengthened medially by blending with the deltoid ligament of the ankle joint, and is supported inferiorly by the tendon of the tibialis posterior, which is spread out in a fan-shaped insertion and prevents undue tension of the ligament or such an amount of stretching as would permanently elongate it.
The arch is further supported by the plantar aponeurosis, by the small muscles in the sole of the foot, by the tendons of the peroneus longus and the tibialis anterior and posterior, and by the ligaments of all the articulations involved. In contrast, the lateral longitudinal arch is very low. It is composed of the calcaneus, the cuboid, and the fourth and fifth metatarsals. Its summit is at the talocalcaneal articulation, and its chief joint is the calcaneocuboid, which possesses a special mechanism for locking and allows only a limited movement.
The thigh consists of a single bone, the femur. The leg consists of two long bones, the tibia and fibula , and the sesamoid bone, the patella , that serves as the knee cap. The foot consists of 26 bones, which are grouped into the tarsals , metatarsals , and phalanges. The interosseous membrane connecting the tibia and fibula bones is shown in Figure Figure The left femur and its various processes and markings.
The left tibia and femur and their various processes and markings. The bones of the foot are shown in Figure below.
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